We’ve all dreamed of transforming our patios into the ultimate outdoor entertainment zone where movie nights and game days become unforgettable experiences. Creating the perfect outdoor TV setup isn’t just about mounting a screen outside – it’s about designing a complete entertainment network that seamlessly blends technology with your patio’s aesthetic.
Outdoor TV installations have revolutionized how we enjoy our outdoor spaces turning ordinary patios into sophisticated entertainment hubs. Whether you’re hosting summer gatherings or enjoying quiet evenings under the stars the right TV placement and design elements can elevate your patio from simple to spectacular.
We’ll explore innovative mounting answers weatherproofing strategies and design ideas that’ll help you create an outdoor viewing experience that rivals any indoor setup. From sleek wall-mounted displays to creative built-in entertainment centers these outdoor TV ideas will inspire you to reimagine your patio’s potential and maximize your outdoor living investment.
Choose the Perfect Outdoor TV Size for Your Patio Space
Selecting the right outdoor TV size transforms your patio entertainment experience from mediocre to magnificent. We’ll guide you through essential sizing considerations that ensure optimal viewing comfort and aesthetic harmony.
Measure Your Viewing Distance
Distance calculations determine the ideal screen size for comfortable outdoor viewing. We recommend measuring from your primary seating area to the planned TV location using a tape measure. For 55-inch outdoor TVs, position seating 7 to 11 feet away to prevent eye strain. Larger 65-inch models work best with viewing distances between 8 to 13 feet.
Diagonal measurements help verify your calculations before purchasing. We suggest marking potential TV placement spots with painter’s tape to visualize the screen size. Multiple seating areas require considering the furthest viewing position to ensure everyone enjoys clear picture quality. Angled seating arrangements may need slightly larger screens to accommodate viewers positioned at the sides.
Consider Weather-Resistant Screen Options
Weather protection features significantly impact both size selection and long-term performance. We prioritize outdoor TVs with IP65 or higher weatherproof ratings that withstand rain and moisture exposure. Anti-glare coatings become increasingly important on larger screens that catch more ambient sunlight. Brightness levels of 1000+ nits ensure visibility during daytime viewing sessions.
Temperature tolerance ranges affect screen performance in extreme weather conditions. We recommend models designed for -4°F to 122°F operation if you live in regions with harsh seasonal changes. Aluminum housing provides superior protection compared to plastic alternatives for larger outdoor displays. Some manufacturers offer models specifically engineered for permanent outdoor installation with enhanced UV resistance.
Balance TV Size with Patio Proportions
Proportional sizing prevents your outdoor TV from overwhelming smaller patio spaces. We calculate that 40 to 50-inch screens complement compact patios under 150 square feet effectively. Medium patios between 150 to 300 square feet accommodate 55 to 65-inch displays without appearing oversized. Expansive outdoor areas exceeding 300 square feet can support 70+ inch screens that create impressive focal points.
Architectural elements influence size selection beyond square footage measurements. We consider pergola heights, wall dimensions, and furniture scale when determining appropriate TV sizes. Corner installations often work better with slightly smaller screens that don’t compete with existing patio features. Mounting height adjustments can make larger screens feel more proportionate in tighter spaces.
Select Weather-Resistant TV Models Built for Outdoor Use
Choosing the right outdoor TV requires understanding the fundamental differences between models designed for external environments versus standard indoor units. Outdoor television models feature specialized weatherproofing and enhanced durability components that protect against rain, dust, and extreme temperature fluctuations.
Compare Full Sun vs Partial Shade TV Options
Full sun outdoor TVs deliver exceptional brightness levels exceeding 1500 nits, making them perfect for patios receiving direct sunlight throughout most of the day. The Seura Full Sun Series exemplifies this category with its ability to operate in temperature extremes from -40°F to 140°F while maintaining superior picture quality. These high-performance models incorporate advanced anti-glare technology that combats harsh sunlight reflections.
Partial shade outdoor TVs offer moderate brightness around 700 nits, specifically engineered for covered patios or areas with indirect sunlight exposure. Element Electronics partial sun Roku TV represents this category with its 700-nit brightness capability and direct view LED display technology for consistent viewing quality. These models provide excellent value for shaded outdoor spaces while maintaining essential weatherproofing features.
Determining your patio’s sun exposure throughout the day helps us select between full sun and partial shade options. Full sun models cost more but deliver superior performance in bright conditions, while partial shade TVs offer budget-friendly answers for covered outdoor areas.
Evaluate IP Rating Requirements
IP54 rating provides protection against limited dust ingress and water spray from any direction, suitable for most covered patio installations. The Furrion Aurora Sun features this IP54 rating alongside an IK08 impact-resistant screen that withstands temperature ranges from -24°F to 122°F. This protection level handles typical outdoor conditions while maintaining reasonable pricing.
IP55 or higher ratings offer enhanced dust tightness and superior water resistance, essential for fully exposed patio installations where frequent rain or debris contact occurs. These higher-rated models provide better long-term durability in harsh weather conditions but typically command premium pricing.
Selecting appropriate IP ratings depends on your patio’s exposure level and local climate conditions. Covered patios with minimal weather exposure can use IP54 models, while fully exposed installations require IP55 or higher ratings for optimal protection.
Research Anti-Glare Screen Technologies
Matte or textured screen surfaces reduce reflections by scattering incoming light rather than creating mirror-like reflections that impair visibility. These specialized coatings maintain picture clarity even during peak sunlight hours when traditional screens become unwatchable.
Anti-reflective coatings work in combination with high peak brightness displays to overpower ambient light and glare. Samsung The Terrace incorporates these advanced coatings with premium brightness levels, ensuring consistent picture quality throughout varying light conditions.
High peak brightness displays serve as the foundation for effective glare reduction by producing intense light output that remains visible even in direct sunlight. These displays typically operate at brightness levels three to four times higher than indoor TVs, making outdoor viewing comfortable and enjoyable.
Combining multiple anti-glare technologies creates the most effective solution for outdoor TV installations. Models featuring both specialized coatings and high brightness capabilities perform best in challenging outdoor lighting environments.
Design Strategic TV Placement for Optimal Viewing Angles
Strategic positioning transforms your outdoor TV from a simple screen into the centerpiece of your patio entertainment experience. We’ll explore the essential placement considerations that ensure comfortable viewing while protecting your investment.
Position Away from Direct Sunlight
Choosing shaded locations protects your TV and enhances viewing quality. We recommend mounting your outdoor TV under pergolas, covered patios, or large umbrellas to shield it from harmful UV rays and reduce screen glare. Direct sunlight creates viewing challenges by washing out the display and potentially overheating sensitive electronic components.
Installing retractable awnings offers flexible sun protection throughout the day. These adjustable shade answers allow you to control light exposure based on changing sun angles. We’ve found that awnings can reduce screen glare by up to 70% during peak daylight hours.
Using strategically placed shade plants creates natural barriers against intense sunlight. Large outdoor umbrellas, leafy trees, or tall shrubs positioned between the sun’s path and your TV location provide effective protection. This approach maintains your patio’s natural aesthetic while solving practical viewing problems.
Create Multiple Seating Areas
Arranging various seating groupings maximizes viewing options for different occasions. We suggest combining sofas, armchairs, and outdoor benches positioned at different angles to accommodate both intimate gatherings and larger entertainment events. Multiple seating zones ensure everyone has a comfortable view regardless of group size.
Incorporating coffee tables and side tables between seating areas enhances functionality. These surfaces provide convenient spots for drinks, snacks, and entertainment accessories while maintaining clear sightlines to your TV. Weather resistant furniture pieces withstand outdoor conditions while supporting your entertainment needs.
Positioning seating at optimal distances improves viewing comfort across all areas. We recommend placing primary seating 8 to 12 feet from your TV screen, with secondary seating arranged within 15 feet for clear visibility. This spacing prevents neck strain while ensuring text and details remain readable from every seat.
Plan for Seasonal Sun Path Changes
Understanding sun movement patterns throughout the year prevents future viewing problems. The sun’s angle shifts significantly between seasons, affecting both glare intensity and shadow coverage on your patio. We track these changes to position TVs in locations that maintain optimal viewing conditions year round.
Installing adjustable mounting systems accommodates seasonal lighting variations. Tilt and swivel mounts allow you to reposition your TV as sun angles change, maintaining screen visibility during different months. These adjustments can reduce seasonal glare by up to 60% compared to fixed mounting positions.
Creating movable shade structures adapts to changing seasonal conditions. Portable umbrellas, adjustable pergola panels, or seasonal shade cloths provide flexible protection as the sun’s path shifts. This approach ensures your outdoor TV setup remains functional and comfortable throughout spring, summer, fall, and winter viewing seasons.
Build Custom TV Mounting Solutions for Patio Integration
Custom mounting answers let you seamlessly blend technology with your patio’s architectural elements while ensuring optimal viewing comfort. We’ll explore three innovative approaches that transform ordinary outdoor spaces into sophisticated entertainment areas.
Install Weatherproof Wall Mounts
Weatherproof wall mounts provide the foundation for any successful outdoor TV installation. These specialized mounts feature protective coatings and sealed components that shield your investment from rain, dust, and temperature fluctuations.
Positioning your TV under covered areas like patio roofs or pergolas offers additional weather protection while creating that seamless indoor outdoor living room feel. Swivel and adjustable mounts give you the flexibility to change viewing angles based on different seating arrangements or sun positions throughout the day.
Cable management becomes crucial with outdoor installations. Running cables through weatherproof conduits or concealing them behind decorative elements keeps your setup looking clean while protecting connections from moisture and pests.
Create Retractable TV Cabinets
Retractable TV cabinets offer the ultimate protection when your outdoor entertainment system isn’t in use. These innovative enclosures automatically or manually raise and lower your TV, keeping it completely hidden from view and shielded from UV damage.
Space optimization makes retractable systems particularly valuable for smaller patios where permanent TV placement might overwhelm the area. The cabinet doubles as outdoor storage when the TV is concealed, maximizing functionality without sacrificing style.
Weather protection reaches maximum levels with fully enclosed cabinet systems that create their own microenvironment around your TV. This solution works especially well for patios exposed to harsh weather conditions or areas where a minimal, clean aesthetic is preferred.
Design Pergola-Integrated TV Systems
Pergola integration creates a stunning focal point that combines shelter, style, and entertainment in one cohesive structure. The pergola framework naturally accommodates weatherproof mounting hardware while providing overhead protection through slats or solid roofing.
Lighting integration within the pergola structure enhances both ambiance and viewing comfort during evening entertainment. Strategic placement of LED strips or pendant lights reduces screen glare while creating a warm, inviting atmosphere for social gatherings.
Comfortable seating arrangements under the pergola transform your patio into a true outdoor living room. Weather resistant furniture positioned at optimal viewing distances creates multiple conversation areas that naturally center around your entertainment system.
Incorporate Stylish TV Furniture Into Your Patio Design
Selecting functional TV furniture elevates your outdoor entertainment space while protecting valuable electronics from weather elements. We’ll explore weather-resistant options that seamlessly blend style with practicality for year-round patio enjoyment.
Choose Weather-Resistant TV Stands
Weather-resistant TV stands form the foundation of durable outdoor entertainment setups. Look for stands crafted from teak, aluminum, or high-quality synthetic wicker that withstand moisture, sun exposure, and temperature fluctuations while maintaining their aesthetic appeal.
Minimalist metal designs offer sleek profiles that complement modern patio styles without overwhelming smaller spaces. Rustic wooden stands create warmth and character for traditional outdoor settings, especially when paired with natural stone or brick elements.
TV lift cabinets provide discrete storage answers by concealing your television when not in use. These versatile pieces double as side tables or serving surfaces during outdoor gatherings, maximizing functionality in compact patio areas.
Consider stands with adjustable heights and swivel capabilities to optimize viewing angles throughout different seasons. Mobile TV carts with locking wheels allow flexible positioning while securing your entertainment setup during adverse weather conditions.
Design Built-In Entertainment Centers
Built-in entertainment centers create seamless integration between technology and patio architecture. Custom wooden enclosures blend naturally with pergola structures, gazebos, or existing outdoor walls for a cohesive design approach.
Wall niche installations offer elegant answers that protect TVs from direct sunlight while maintaining clean sight lines. These recessed designs work particularly well in covered patio areas or beneath overhanging roof structures.
Outdoor fireplace surrounds present unique opportunities to incorporate TV displays above or alongside heating elements. This dual-purpose design creates cozy gathering spaces that extend outdoor entertaining seasons.
Stone or brick built-ins provide substantial weather protection while adding architectural interest to plain patio walls. Integrate lighting elements within these structures to enhance nighttime viewing experiences and create ambient outdoor atmospheres.
Add Storage for Outdoor Electronics
Storage answers protect sensitive electronics while maintaining organized outdoor spaces. Weatherproof cabinets with locking mechanisms safeguard media players, sound systems, and remote controls from environmental damage and theft.
Drawer systems specifically designed for outdoor use accommodate cables, streaming devices, and weatherproof accessories. These enclosed spaces prevent moisture infiltration while keeping entertainment components easily accessible during setup changes.
Multi-functional storage pieces serve dual purposes as seating or serving surfaces during outdoor gatherings. Ottoman-style storage units with waterproof interiors protect electronics while providing flexible seating options for larger groups.
Ventilation features in storage furniture prevent overheating of electronic components during hot weather conditions. Look for cabinets with strategically placed air vents or cooling fans that maintain optimal operating temperatures for extended equipment life.
Plan Essential Power and Connectivity Infrastructure
Building a successful outdoor TV setup requires strategic planning of your electrical and connectivity systems before installation begins. We’ll guide you through the essential infrastructure components that ensure safe, reliable operation in outdoor conditions.
Install GFCI-Protected Electrical Outlets
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter outlets protect your outdoor electronics from dangerous electrical shocks caused by moisture exposure. These specialized outlets automatically cut power when they detect electrical imbalances, making them critical for outdoor safety compliance. We recommend having a licensed electrician install or verify GFCI protection for all outdoor power sources near your TV location.
Position your TV close to existing outdoor electrical outlets to reduce wiring complexity and installation costs. Multiple GFCI outlets provide flexibility for powering additional components like sound systems, streaming devices, and decorative lighting around your entertainment area.
Run Weatherproof Cable Management
Weatherproof cable protection systems safeguard your power cords, HDMI cables, and audio connections from outdoor elements. Use conduit tubing, waterproof cable sleeves, or outdoor rated cable raceways to create clean, protected pathways for all electrical connections. These answers prevent water damage while keeping cables organized and protected from pets or foot traffic.
Elevate cables off the ground wherever possible to avoid water pooling during rain or irrigation cycles. Outdoor rated cables specifically designed for exterior use provide superior durability compared to standard indoor cables, ensuring long term reliability in varying weather conditions.
Set Up Reliable WiFi Coverage
Strong WiFi connectivity enables seamless streaming and smart TV functionality in your outdoor entertainment space. Position WiFi extenders, outdoor access points, or mesh network nodes strategically to eliminate dead zones across your patio area. Streaming services require consistent internet speeds, making reliable coverage essential for uninterrupted viewing experiences.
Central placement of routers or access points minimizes interference and maximizes signal strength throughout your outdoor living space. Test your WiFi signal strength at your planned TV location before final installation to ensure optimal streaming performance for all your favorite content.
Create Comfortable Seating Arrangements Around Your Outdoor TV
We recommend positioning weather-resistant seating to ensure every guest enjoys clear sightlines to your outdoor TV while maintaining the social atmosphere of your patio entertainment space.
Design Tiered Seating for Better Views
Creating multiple levels of seating transforms your outdoor TV area into a comfortable viewing amphitheater. We suggest implementing built-in benches at varying heights or raised platforms that naturally direct attention toward the screen. Multi-level arrangements accommodate different viewing angles and ensure everyone gets an optimal view regardless of where they sit.
Raised seating areas work particularly well when integrated with existing patio features like retaining walls or deck levels. We find that combining permanent tiered structures with movable seating options provides the flexibility to accommodate both intimate gatherings and larger viewing parties.
Choose All-Weather Furniture Materials
Selecting durable materials ensures your outdoor TV seating withstands the elements while maintaining its comfort and appearance. We recommend teak wood for its natural weather resistance and timeless appeal that complements any patio design. Rust-proof metals like powder-coated aluminum offer modern aesthetics with minimal maintenance requirements.
Synthetic rattan provides the classic wicker look without the vulnerability to moisture and UV damage. Cushions and upholstery fabrics should feature all-weather textiles designed to resist fading, moisture, and mildew development. We emphasize choosing materials that can handle rain, sun, and wind exposure while keeping their structural integrity and visual appeal intact.
Add Shade Structures for Daytime Viewing
Installing pergolas, awnings, or patio roofs dramatically improves screen visibility during daylight hours by reducing glare. We find that covered seating areas create an outdoor room atmosphere that makes your patio feel like a natural extension of your indoor living space.
Retractable awnings offer flexibility to adjust shade coverage based on sun position and weather conditions throughout the day. Pergolas with adjustable louvers provide customizable light control while adding architectural interest to your outdoor entertainment zone. We recommend positioning shade structures to protect both the TV and seating areas from direct sunlight while maintaining proper ventilation for electronics and guest comfort.
Fixed patio roofs or covered porches extend the usability of your outdoor TV space by providing shelter from unexpected rain showers and harsh afternoon sun.
Enhance Your Outdoor TV Experience with Audio Solutions
Audio quality transforms your outdoor entertainment space from a simple viewing area into an immersive theater experience. We’ll explore professional audio answers that complement your weather-resistant outdoor TV setup.
Install Weather-Resistant Speakers
Outdoor-rated speakers deliver crystal-clear sound while withstanding harsh weather conditions that would damage indoor audio equipment. We recommend speakers with IP65 or higher ratings to ensure protection against rain, humidity, and temperature fluctuations throughout all seasons.
Installing these speakers requires strategic placement around your seating area to create an optimal sound field. Position speakers at ear level when seated for the best audio clarity and avoid placing them directly on hard surfaces that can cause unwanted echoes or vibrations.
Multiple speaker zones allow you to control volume levels in different areas of your patio entertainment space. Consider installing speakers near your main seating area as well as secondary zones for guests who prefer quieter conversation areas during gatherings.
Plan Wireless Audio Systems
Wireless audio setups eliminate cable clutter while providing maximum flexibility in speaker positioning throughout your outdoor space. We recommend planning your wireless network before installation to ensure strong connectivity between your outdoor TV and audio components.
Reducing visible wiring creates a cleaner aesthetic that maintains your patio’s design integrity without sacrificing audio performance. Wireless systems also allow you to relocate speakers seasonally or for special events without running new cables.
Flexibility in speaker placement becomes crucial when hosting different types of gatherings or adjusting your outdoor furniture arrangement. Choose wireless audio systems that offer reliable connectivity within your patio’s dimensions and can handle potential interference from outdoor elements.
Consider Soundbar Placement Options
Weatherproof soundbars provide superior audio clarity compared to built-in TV speakers while requiring minimal installation space. We suggest mounting soundbars directly below your outdoor TV or on nearby surfaces that won’t obstruct viewing angles.
Placing soundbars in covered areas protects them from direct weather exposure while maintaining optimal sound projection toward your seating areas. Consider locations under pergolas, awnings, or covered patio sections that shield the equipment from rain and intense sunlight.
Space-efficient soundbar installations work particularly well for smaller patios where multiple speakers might overwhelm the area. Choose models specifically designed for outdoor use with appropriate weather sealing and corrosion-resistant materials that match your patio’s aesthetic style.
Protect Your Investment with Proper Maintenance Strategies
After investing in quality outdoor TV equipment and creating the perfect entertainment setup, we must prioritize ongoing maintenance to ensure longevity and optimal performance. Proper care extends your outdoor TV’s lifespan while maintaining the visual quality that makes outdoor viewing enjoyable.
Schedule Regular Cleaning Routines
Establishing a consistent cleaning schedule keeps your outdoor TV screen free from dirt, dust, and debris that can compromise visibility and function. We recommend gentle weekly cleanings using microfiber cloths and specialized screen cleaners designed for outdoor electronics. Accumulated pollen, bird droppings, and environmental particles can quickly build up on exposed screens, making regular maintenance essential for clear picture quality.
Monthly deep cleaning sessions should include thorough enclosure maintenance to prevent moisture buildup and debris accumulation around ventilation areas. Clean the TV housing with mild soap answers, ensuring all connections remain dry and secure. Remove any spider webs, leaves, or insects that may have settled around the mounting hardware or within protective enclosures.
Plan Seasonal Storage Answers
Seasonal weather changes require strategic storage planning to protect your outdoor TV investment during harsh conditions. We strongly advise safely storing TVs during winter months in regions experiencing freezing temperatures, heavy snow, or severe storms. Temperature extremes can damage internal components even in weather-resistant models, making temporary storage a wise precaution.
Consider investing in seasonal storage answers like weatherproof covers or custom-built storage cabinets for off-season protection. Detachable mounting systems allow for easy removal when extreme weather approaches, while permanent installations benefit from enhanced protective covers during dormant periods. Document your storage procedures to ensure proper reinstallation when favorable weather returns.
Carry out Security Measures
Outdoor TV installations face unique security challenges due to their visibility and accessibility from multiple angles. We recommend securing all mounting hardware with tamper-proof screws and locks to deter theft or vandalism attempts. Additional security measures include motion-activated lighting around the TV area and security cameras positioned to monitor the entertainment zone.
Consider installing lockable enclosures or retractable TV systems that can be concealed when not in use. These answers provide dual benefits of weather protection and theft deterrence while maintaining the aesthetic appeal of your patio design. Wireless security systems with smartphone alerts offer real-time monitoring capabilities, ensuring immediate notification of any unauthorized activity around your outdoor entertainment investment.
Conclusion
Creating the perfect outdoor TV setup transforms your patio into an entertainment destination that rivals any indoor space. We’ve covered everything from weather-resistant displays and strategic placement to comfortable seating arrangements and immersive audio systems.
The key lies in balancing functionality with aesthetics while prioritizing durability and protection. Remember that proper planning for power infrastructure weatherproofing and seasonal maintenance ensures your investment delivers years of outdoor entertainment enjoyment.
Your patio can become the ultimate gathering spot where technology seamlessly integrates with nature. With the right combination of equipment placement and design elements you’ll create an outdoor theater experience that brings family and friends together under the open sky.
Frequently Asked Questions
What makes a TV suitable for outdoor use?
Outdoor TVs feature weather-resistant construction with IP ratings (IP54-IP65) for protection against moisture and dust. They include anti-glare coatings for bright sunlight visibility, enhanced brightness levels (400-1000 nits), and temperature tolerance for extreme weather conditions. These specialized features ensure durability and optimal performance in outdoor environments.
How do I choose the right TV size for my patio?
Measure the distance from your seating area to the TV location. For optimal viewing, maintain 1.5-2.5 times the screen diagonal as viewing distance. Consider your patio’s square footage and architectural elements to ensure proportional balance. Smaller patios (under 200 sq ft) work best with 32-43″ screens, while larger spaces can accommodate 55-75″ displays.
Where should I position my outdoor TV for the best viewing experience?
Place your TV in shaded areas protected from direct sunlight, such as under pergolas, awnings, or large umbrellas. Avoid east and west-facing walls that receive harsh morning or evening sun. Consider seasonal sun path changes and plan for adjustable mounting systems or movable shade structures to maintain optimal viewing conditions year-round.
What type of mounting solution works best for outdoor TVs?
Weatherproof wall mounts with full articulation offer flexibility for angle adjustments and weather protection. For premium setups, consider retractable TV cabinets that provide maximum protection and space optimization. Pergola-integrated systems blend seamlessly with patio architecture while offering excellent functionality and style.
How can I protect my outdoor TV from weather damage?
Use weatherproof covers when not in use, ensure proper ventilation around the unit, and consider seasonal storage during extreme weather. Install the TV in covered areas when possible, maintain regular cleaning schedules to prevent dirt buildup, and ensure all electrical connections use GFCI-protected outlets for moisture safety.
What audio solutions work best for outdoor TV setups?
Install weather-resistant speakers with IP65 ratings positioned strategically around seating areas. Wireless audio systems offer flexibility without cable clutter. Soundbars placed in covered areas provide excellent audio clarity while staying protected from elements. Consider multiple speaker zones for larger patios to ensure even sound distribution.
How do I ensure reliable power and connectivity for my outdoor TV?
Install GFCI-protected electrical outlets near your TV location for safety. Use weatherproof cable management systems to protect connections from moisture. Ensure strong WiFi coverage by positioning extenders or access points strategically to eliminate dead zones. Consider running dedicated ethernet cables for the most reliable streaming connection.
What seating arrangements work best for outdoor TV viewing?
Create tiered seating arrangements to ensure clear sightlines for all guests while maintaining a social atmosphere. Position primary seating 8-12 feet from the screen depending on TV size. Use all-weather furniture materials like teak or rust-proof metals. Design multiple seating zones to accommodate different group sizes and viewing preferences.
